How the Right Rice Planting

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONA. BACKGROUNDIn an effort to survive, human effort, to meet the primary needs of food. In the history of human life from year to year changes are accompanied by changes in the needs of basic foodstuffs. This is evidenced in some areas the original staple food cassava, sago, corn finally switched to eat rice.Rice is one of the staples are easily processed, easy to prepare, tasty and value of the energy contained in high enough so that the major effect on health.B. HISTORY OF RICE PLANTIncluding rice genus Oryza L which includes approximately 25 species, scattered areas of sub tropical and tropical regions such as Asia, Africa, America and Australia. According to Chevalier and Neguier rice comes from the two continents Oryza fatua Koenig and Oryza sativa L. originated from Asia, while other types of rice and Oryza Oryza stapfii Roschev glaberima Steund originated from west Africa.The current rice is a cross between Oryza sativa and Oryza officinalis f spontania. In Indonesia in the first rice crop cultivated area with dry land farm system, finally people are trying to consolidate its business by way of irrigating bacilli areas where rainfall is less. Rice plants that can grow well in the area is tropical Indica, Japonica whereas many sub-tropical areas diusakan.C. MEANING OF IMPORTANT AND BENEFITS OF RICE FOR HUMAN LIFERice is a food that produces rice. This food is a staple food for most Indonesian people. Although rice can be replaced by other foods, but the rice has value to people who used to eat rice and can not be easily replaced by other foodstuffs.Rice is one food that is nutritious and adequate reinforcement for the human body, because the materials contained therein are easily converted into energy. Therefore, rice is also called energy foods.According to Collin Clark Papanek, the nutritional value required by every adult is 1821 calori which when synchronized with the rice so the rice is needed every day as much as 0.88 kg. Rice contains various nutrients such as: carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash and vitamins. Besides rice contains several trace elements such as: calcium, magnesium, sodium, fosphor and others.D. GROWING CONDITIONSRice plants can live both hot and temperate areas that contain lots of moisture. Good rainfall averages 200 mm per month or more, with the distribution for 4 months, the desired rainfall per year around 1500 -2000 mm. A good temperature for growing rice plants 23 ° C. High places are suitable for rice plants ranged from 0 -1500 m above sea level.Good ground for the growth of paddy rice is the content of the soil fraction of sand, silt and clay in certain comparisons with the necessary water in jurnlah enough. Rice can grow well on land that the thickness of the layer above it between 18 -22 cm with a pH between 4 -7.CHAPTER IIRICE farmingRice is cultivated with the aim of getting the maximum height with the highest quality possible, to obtain results in line with expectations then, the plants to be planted should be healthy and fertile. Healthy plants are plants that are not attacked by pests and diseases, not deficient in nutrients, both nutrients are required in large quantities and in small quantities. While the plant is lush plant growth is not hampered its development clan, either by seed or environmental conditions.RICE RICEGood farming techniques is necessary to obtain results in line with expectations. This should start from the beginning, ie since done the nursery until the plants can be harvested. In the process of plant growth should be maintained until the fruit is good, especially the plants must be cultivated in order to avoid the attack of pests and diseases that often lowers production.1. SeedbedCreating a nursery is the first step in planting rice. Preparation requires a seedbed preparation as well as possible, because the seeds in the nursery will determine the growth of rice in the rice fields, therefore persemian should really get attention, so hope to get rice seeds can be achieved healthy and fertile.a. Use of seed- Seed superior- Certified- Supplies of seeds 25 -30 kg / hab. Tillage for seeding- The soil should be fertile- Sunlight- Watering- Supervisionc.Potential seedbed tillage- Dry Nursery- Nursery wet- Nursery dapog systemDry seedbedDry seedbed is usually done on a crumb lands, many of the rainfed rice area. Dry soil seedbed should be done well, namely:- Land cleared of grass hay clan remnants that are still lagging behind, so as not to interfere with the growth of seedlings.- Land plowed or dug deeper than what is done on the seedbed moist, so that the roots of seedlings can be more deeply into the soil, so it can absorb more nutrients.- Furthermore, the ground rakedThe area where the land is a narrow seedbed can be done with a hoe, which is basically ground processing aims to improve soil structure, so that the soil becomes loose.Nursery beds Size:- Length of beds: 500 -600 cm or according to need, but it should be pursued so that beds are not too panjag- Width of bed: 100 -150 cm- Height of beds: 20 -30 cmBetween the two beds adjacent ditch, with a size of 30-40 cm wide. Making this ditch intended to facilitate:- Sowing seeds and seedlings revocation- Maintenance dipersemaian seeds include:¬ Weeding¬ Watering¬ Fertilization¬ Eradication of pests and diseasesNursery sought more than 1 / 25 broad fields to be planted, the use of dry seeds in the nursery more than a wet seedbed.Wet seedbedsThe difference between dry and wet seedbed lies in the use of water. Seedbed moist, since the beginning of the cultivation of land has need of a pool of water. The function of standing water:- Water will soften the soil- Water can kill weeds (grass)- Water can be used to combat insect seed pernsakLand that has gained enough standing water will be soft, this soft soil that has been treated with plow and harrow each 2 times. But before tillage should be done to improve the embankment first, then rice terraces are divided according to purpose. Extensive nursery that used 1 / 20 of the planting area to be planted.Dapog SystemIn the Philippines have known how to seeding with dapog system, that system has been practiced in Bantul district in the Village Pendowoharjo, Sewon.How to seeding with dapog system:- Preparation of the seedbed as the seedbed moist- Plots will be littered with seeds covered with banana leaves- Then the seed sown on a banana leaf, so that the growth of the seeds can absorb food from the stigma of the institution- Every day in banana leaves gradually pressed down- Water fed little by little, until quite up to day 4- At the age of 10 days in banana leaves rolled up and moved kepersemaian new or planting disawahd. Sowing seedsTreatment as an effort to prepareSeeds soaked in water beforehand with a view:- Selection of a lack of good seed, float, float should be discarded- To have a process tisiologisTisiologis process means changes in the seeds finally germinate seeds faster. Absorbed or ingress of water into the seed will accelerate the process tisiologisLong soaking seedsSeeds soaked in water for 24 hours, then brooded (previously drained or dietus)The length of curingSeed brooded for 48 hours, so that in the curing of the seeds germinate.Implementation of sowing seedsThings that has to be considered in sowing the seeds are:- The seed has germinated with a length of approximately 1 mm- Seeds are spread evenly- The density of seed should be the samee. Nursery Maintenance1) WateringOn a dry seedbedWatering in dry nursery is done by pouring water keselokan which are among the beds, in order to seepage occurs so that plant growth can take place, although in this case is often overgrown by plants or grass bullies. Water plays inhibit or even stop the growth of weeds / grass. Please note that the amount of water and kedalamanya are factors that hamper the development of seedlings, especially in the nursery is done wet.In wet seedbedWatering on a wet seedbed done as follows:- Beds were under water for 24 hours- After genagan lasted for 24 hours, then water until keadakan macak minus-macak (nyemek-nyemek), then the seeds began to be deployedReduction of water in the nursery until the water situation became macak-macak, is meant to be:0 Seeds can be spread evenly dad easily attached to the ground so that roots easily into the ground.- The seeds do not rot due to water genagan- Facilitate the seeds to breathe / take oxygen directly from air, making the process faster germination- Seed gets direct sunlightIn order for the seed in the seedbed is not washed away, the water should be regulated according to circumstances, for example: if there is rain then the beds will need to be flooded, so the seeds do not float. Waterlogging performed again by the time of transfer of seedlings from the nursery kelahan planting, for easy removal.2) Fertilization dipersemaianUsually the plant nutrients needed in large quantities is the macro nutrients. While synthetic fertilizers / inorganic such as Urea, TSP, etc. given before seed dispersal dipesemaian, if necessary, given the growth regulators. Provision of plant growth regulators in seeds before the seeds spread.2.SOIL PREPARATION AND PROCESSING RICETillage aims to change the state of agricultural land with a specific tool to obtain the composition of the soil (soil structure) required by plants. Tillage rice consists of several stages:a. Cleaningb. Cultivationc. Piracyd. Penggaruana. Cleaning- Ditch-ditch needs cleaning- Straw that there needs to be cleared away for compostingb. CultivationRepair bund and the rice terraces which are difficult hijackedc. Hijack- Breaking ground into chunks of land- Reversing land and plant grass (hay) and eventually rot.- The process of decay with the help of micro-organisms present in soild. Harrow- Flatten and destroy soil clods- At the harrow should keaadan wet rice fields in- As long as the income and expenditure raked water channel is closed so that the mud not be washed out of water- Penggaruan done repeatedly will provide benefits- Surface soil becomes flat- Water that seeps down into less-Waste plant or grass will be immersed- Investment made easy- Flatten the distribution of fertilizer and manure sunset3.PLANTINGIn planting rice seedlings, must be considered before are:a. Tillageb. Age of seedlingsc. Phase plantinga. TillageLand that has been processed in a good way, finally ready for planting rice seedlings.b. Age of seedlingsWhen the age of seeds is enough according to the type of rice, bib terse but soon it can be moved by pulling seedlingsc. Phase plantingPlanting stage can be divided into two parts, ie1. Move the seedlings2. Plant1) Move the seedlingsDipesemaian seedlings that have been berumum 17-25 days (depending on type of rice, genjah / in) can be immediately transferred kelahan which has been prepared.Terms of seedlings ready to be moved into the field:- Seeds have been aged 17 -25 days- Seed leaf 5 to 7 strands- Stem the bottom of the big, and strong- Growth of seedlings uniform (on the same type of rice)- Seeds are not attacked by pests and diseasesSeedlings older than 25 days is not good, may even have anyone has any puppies.2)PlantIn planting rice seedlings, the things that must be considered are:a. Bolt system (planting method)b. Spacingc. Plant relationshipsd. The number of plants per holee. Planting seedlings intof. Plantinga) bolt system (planting method)- It looks neat- Ease of maintenance, especially in weeding- Fertilization, pest and disease will be better and faster- And other treatments- Supplies of seeds / seed consumption can be easilyb) SpacingFactors that help determine the spacing of the rice plant, depending on:-. The species- Soil fertility- Altitude / season- Type of plantCertain types of rice can produce lots of puppies. The number of chicks that many require a larger spacing, the opposite type of rice that has a number of small tillers require narrower spacing.- Soil fertilityNutrient absorption by rice plant roots will affect the determination of spacing, for the development of roots or the plant itself in the fertile soil on the development of better Dati roots / plants on infertile soil. Therefore, the required spacing on the ground that will suburpun Dati wider spacing on the brink padah fertile soil.- Altitude.Areas that have a certain altitude mountain areas will memerlikan jarakn planting more tightly than the spacing in lowland, it is closely related to water supply. Rice crop varieties require spacing of 20 x 20 cm during the dry season, and 25 x 25 cm in the rainy season.c) The relationship of plantRelationships associated with a spacing of plants. Relationships of plants that are often applied are:- The relationship of plant square (rectangular)- Relationships crop rectangle.- The relationship of plant 2 rows.d) The number of plants (seeds) per hole.Plant seeds of good will determine its use on every hole. Pemakian seeds per hole between 2 -3 barse) Depth of planting seedsSeeds planted too deep / shallow causing poor plant growth, plant into a good 3 -4 cm.f) How to growPlanting rice seedlings begin to scratch the soil / use measuring line to determine the spacing. After completion of the spacing measurement rice cultivation simultaneously.4.MAINTENANCEInclude:a. Replanting and weedingb. Irrigationc. Fertilizationa. Replanting and weeding.Which harns considered in stitching:- Seeds used to be the same type of- Seeds are used are the remnants of the previous seed- Stitching should not melampoi 10 days after planting.- In addition to staple crops (weeds) to be removed.b. IrrigationDisawah Watering can be distinguished:- Water is continuously- Watering is piriodikc.PemupukanThe goal is to provide for foods that act is essential for good crop in the process of growth / production, fertilizers are often used by farmers in the form:- Natural Fertilizer (organic)- Artificial Fertilizers (an organic)Dose of fertilizer used:- Urea 250 -300 kg / ha- Fertilizer SP 36 75 -100 kg / ha- Fertilizer KCI 50 -100 kg / ha- Or adapted to soil analysis